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The part of the cylinder that contains the keyway and tumbler chambers is known as the plug. The plug is a crucial component in a lock, specifically designed to accommodate the insertion of the key, allowing it to make contact with the internal tumblers. When the correct key is used, it aligns the tumblers within the plug, enabling it to rotate and open the lock. This mechanism is central to the operation of pin-tumbler locks, which are prevalent in many locking systems.

In contrast, the tumbler assembly refers to the specific setup of pins and springs that work within the plug to provide security. The cylinder shell surrounds the plug and provides housing and structural integrity, while the retainer holds the components together within the lock mechanism. These elements work in conjunction with the plug but do not contain the keyway and tumbler chambers. Therefore, the plug is accurately identified as the part containing these vital components.